Europe’s growing security concerns are driving demand for the US-made F-35 stealth fighter, but politically sensitive sales and Washington’s tight export controls are complicating the aircraft’s global expansion.
Flying an F-35 in a simulator over the Nevada desert, a Monocle correspondent attempts a barrel roll before following instructions to target a simulated enemy aircraft. The exercise offers a relatively understated introduction to one of the world’s most advanced fighter jets. The geopolitical debate surrounding the aircraft, however, is far more intense.
The F-35 has become a focal point of international defence policy, with European orders increasing amid concerns about Russia and potential sales elsewhere prompting controversy. As the symbol of US air power attracts new customers, questions over who can obtain the aircraft remain firmly in Washington’s hands.
European demand gathers pace
Lockheed Martin delivered Germany’s first F-35A Lightning II in September, with another 34 aircraft expected to follow. Finland received its first of 64 F-35As a week later, while Poland took delivery of its first aircraft in May.
The demand reflects a deteriorating security environment in Europe. Russia’s war against Ukraine has entered its fifth year, fuelling fears that the conflict could spill beyond Ukraine’s borders. Germany’s intelligence chief has warned of the risk of a “violent conflict” with Russia, while a drone incident at Leipzig airport in August heightened security concerns.
Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk has also warned that Moscow could be preparing drone and missile attacks against European countries supporting Ukraine.
The F-35’s stealth capabilities and advanced combat systems have made it a priority for governments seeking to strengthen their air forces. More than 1,355 aircraft are operational worldwide, according to the report.
James King, director of the US Navy’s F-35C programme at Lockheed Martin, says international demand remains strong. The company currently has the capacity to produce 156 aircraft annually, he says, although expanding output would require sustained demand and a decision to increase production capacity.
Washington controls who gets the aircraft
Despite the growing interest, Lockheed Martin does not decide which countries can buy the F-35. Sales are tightly controlled by the US government, with prospective customers required to apply through the State Department and undergo a lengthy review and approval process.
The F-35A was developed under the Joint Strike Fighter programme, which received financial support from seven partner countries: the UK, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Australia, Denmark and Norway. The US has also approved sales to 12 other countries.
Turkey, an original participant in the programme, was removed in 2019 after purchasing Russian-made air-defence systems. However, President Donald Trump has since suggested that Ankara could still receive the aircraft. Speaking at the NATO summit in July, he said he had “no concerns” about Turkey’s Russian systems.
Any potential return to the programme would depend on decisions by the US government, rather than the manufacturer.
Saudi Arabia deal raises strategic concerns
The F-35’s future in the Middle East has become another sensitive issue. Last month, the US State Department approved a potential sale of 48 aircraft to Saudi Arabia worth $24.3 billion (€21.7 billion).
Israel is currently the only country in the region operating the F-35, reflecting Washington’s longstanding policy of preserving Israel’s qualitative military advantage. The proposed Saudi deal has therefore prompted concern in Tel Aviv and among some US policymakers.
Saudi Arabia’s joint military exercises with China have added another layer of controversy, with critics concerned that Beijing could gain access to sensitive American technology. The proposed sale remains subject to scrutiny by the US Congress.
Lockheed Martin executives have declined to comment on which countries should receive the aircraft, emphasising that export decisions belong to the government.
With European governments seeking stronger deterrence against Russia and Washington pursuing strategic partnerships in a Middle East reshaped by the US assault on Iran, demand for the F-35 could continue to grow. Whether that translates into higher production and additional sales will depend as much on political calculations as on military requirements.
Be First to Comment